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Walls Lithics
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MISSISSIPPIAN LITHICS
Citronelle gravel Madison triangular arrow point (left) and chipped and ground pebble celt from Powell Bayou, Sunflower County, Mississippi (Late Mississippian period). Tan Citronelle gravel is the primary material for chipped stone tools in the Central Mississippi Valley, although many other stones from the surrounding uplands were also used.
Pecked and ground igneous glacial till cobble chunkee stone from field surface near the Hillhouse site, New Madrid floodway, Southeast Missouri(Middle Mississippi period). This village site on my uncle's farm was excavated by Mid-Continental Research Associates, Inc. for the Memphis District, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. These gaming pieces were probably used in a spear-throwing game, and are depicted on engraved shell of the time.
Chipped and ground stone adzes (hafted chopping tools like these) are typical characteristics of Neolithic cultures. These adzes or celts date from the Mississippian period as well as the preceding Woodland period and are made of non-local stone.
Mississippian lithics from the Boxtown and Walls phases Few explicit studies of stonework from the Walls phase region or "district" (Shelby Co. TN and Desoto Co. MS) have been attempted, but several summary statements have been made by local workers (Nash, Smith 1996, Lumb and McNutt). This lack of attention to lithics is indeed the case with most Central Valley Mississippian phases. An additional complication is the fact that most collections are from multicomponent sites where it is difficult or impossible to segregate the Woodland materials from those with a Mississippian date. Chucalissa (Fulmer, 40SY---) is one of the only Walls phase sites to have been extensively studied, so it must stand as the "typical" Walls phase site, despite some objections that the site perhaps should not even be considered as a Walls phase site, or at the least, that it is not a "typical" site, the sites in DeSoto County, Mississippi, being perhaps more "typical". Calvin Brown illustrated a number of Mississippian lithic artifacts from sites in the area of Walls, Mississippi, but seldom provides specific context or site provenience. Most come from the far northwest corner of DeSoto County, especially a cemetery with many scattered bones, flakes, and sherds (Brown:123) but also from the 5 or 6 mounds around Lake Cormorant, including the "rise along the railroad" (Brown:124) now known as the Lake Cormorant (22DE---) site. These tend to be the more spectacular artifacts, but they do provide an adequate starting point for the discussion of these sites. Most of Brown's specimens come from two collections, those of Schubach and Davies. Three forms of large stone hoes (rounded and notched, flaring bit with contracting poll, and flaring bit with flattened poll) are attributed to the Walls site complex (Brown:209). Brown (192-:159) describes celts or chisels of flaked yellow jasper, only partly polished. These are the typical Mississippian chisel or pebble celt. He also describes a thick red celt from Walls, 5.25" long, with a v or u-shaped "figure" engraved on one side; this could be an earlier artifact, as a magnetite plummet and a reel-shaped gorget are also shown from these collections (Brown 19--:156, 206). A somewhat related form, the spatulate celt (unperforated) is also reported from the Davies collection, reportedly from a grave. It is described as "fine heavy stone"; weighing 1 ½ pounds; and being 1" thick; with a blunt, unused edge. It is shown to have a semicircular bit and a slightly contracting, flattened poll (Brown:171-172). One of the more interesting items described by Brown (:250-251) is a frog pipe of "dark heavy sandstone", weighing 5.75 pounds and measuring 6.25 x 4.6". He cites a January 18, 1914 article in the Memphis Commercial Appeal concerning this find from the Lake Cormorant site. The newspaper article shows this massive pipe to be a large, slightly shaped stone, with bulging eye, incised mouth and indication of folded limbs (Commercial Appeal 1914). The stem and bowl holes are in the upper and lower back of the creature. The pipe is said to come from one of several small mounds on the farm of R.L. Bartholomew near Lake Cormorant. Bartholomew entered it into his collection of pottery and other relics after it was found as the mound was being plowed down. There is also a conglomerate discoidal, rather crude and rough, rather than circular and bi-convex (Brown :167). Of other essentially local ferruginous sandstone products, Brown (:221-223) cites three "paint cups"; fragments of the geode-like formations often found in this sandstone, sometimes surrounding hematitic and limonitic clays and claystones. It is impossible to offer any temporal placement for these artifacts, but Brown does note the availability of conglomerate along the bluff near Walls (Brown:168). Likewise two scrapers of a form very roughly like the Early Archaic and protohistoric end-scrapers and a lunate chipped stone item, 4.2" long, are reported, but no date can be offered (Brown:134, 135). A pestle or mortar described as "a primitive corn grinder", 12 x 9 x 4" with pits on both faces, appears to be white quartzitic sandstone; this artifact is also likely attributable to the Woodland period (Brown:215). In summary, from this early work Mississippian lithics are seen to include: Mill Creek/Dover hoes, pebble celts, and single examples of the chunkey stone (discoidal), spatulate celt, and frog-effigy pipe forms. Mortars, minimally modified sandstone, chipped chert forms, and rectangular celts are of less certain attribution. Smith (in Nash 1972:iv) notes that various triangular arrow point forms are found in both earlier Boxtown and later Walls phase contexts, as well as "both bipointed and squared base varieties of Nodena" arrow in Walls contexts. Boxtown phase arrow points are characterized as small equilateral triangles, 1.5-2 cm on a side as well as small isosceles and larger (3-4 cm long) isosceles triangles. Lumb and McNutt (1988:80) tabulate 50 projectile points from Unit 6 at Chucalissa, describing them as thin arrows, the majority with a straight base and edges (N=40), with the somewhat longer isosceles triangles concentrated in the lower levels, Levels 3, 4, and 5. Seven Nodena points, with a variety of sizes and bases (pointed, rounded, squared) and one elongate Nodena point, come from Level 1 and the plowzone (Lumb and McNutt 1988:81). Unit 6 produced 9 projectile points: 1 sidenotched, 2 "real" or bipointed Nodenas, 3 excavate/rounded base Nodenas or Nodena, var. Banks, and the remainder triangular, including 1 Guntersville point (Lumb and McNutt 1988:81). Later, McNutt (1996:179) repeated that the "later" Walls phase has Nodena points, based on their co-occurrence with late (but not protohistoric) ceramic modes as well as the high stratigraphic position at Chucalissa. The Nodena form is found in adjacent parts of Arkansas by the 1400s, but it is generally rare and restricted to low-frequency occurrence at Late Mississippian sites. Other generalizations about Walls area lithics include the attribution of small chipped and ground chisels, adzes, or celts and chunkey stones to the Walls phase, while sandstone abraders and chipped stone scrapers "appear to be absent" (Smith in Nash 1972:iv). While the Boxtown middens have " three to four times as much chipping debris" as the Walls contexts, no other lithics are specifically attributable to the earlier context. Likewise, Boxtown middens have "almost as much ferruginous sandstone, ferruginous shale, and red ochre" as chert debitage, but "these stone categories are absent in the Walls midden" (Smith in Nash 1972:v). Smith (1996) has offered further generalizations about Walls phase lithics. He believes that at the beginning of the Mississippian period Madison triangular points coexisted with and gradually replaced stemmed and corner-notched forms such as the Alba-Bonham-Scallorn cluster of the lower Mid-South (Smith 1996:110). As he had stated earlier about Boxtown lithics, he repeats that "such artifact types as projectile points, drills, celts, and chisels, if present at Chucalissa [in the AD 900-1200 interval] are undistinguished from those of later components (Smith 1996:111). In discussing settlement patterns, Smith (1996:114) notes that small (Madison) triangular and Nodena points are found in the creek country as far as 20 miles/33 km east from the bluffs, indications of many late Mississippian hunting encampments in western Tennessee, although, perhaps somewhat contradictorily, he notes that there are "farmsteads" as far inland as Pinson, more than 60 miles from the Chickasaw Bluffs and so surely not confidently attributable to the Boxtown or Walls phases. Two Lake County sites are also discussed by Smith under this highly generalized Walls phase: 40LA11 and 40LA19. The 40LA19 lithic complex includes Nodena and isosceles points and chipped and polished celts, while 40LA11, interpreted as a seasonal lithic preparation camp on a bluff crest, had abundant fire-shattered gravel, failed heat-treated pebble cores, and unfinished projectile points, of unspecified form (Smith 1996:117). Lumb and McNutt (1988) provide the most systematic description of Chucalissa lithics. Most of these are still from general midden contexts, but a few items come from graves and other tighter contexts. Lithics from burials at Chucalissa offer some further insight into Mississippian lithics in the region. Burial 20, Unit 3, an adult with flattened skull, had a projectile point in the mouth while Burial 55, Unit 3, and adult with flattened forehead, had an awl and a "knife at left arm" in association (Nash: Burial Data Table). Burial 44, Unit 3, radiocarbon dated around A.D. 1000 (Boxtown), also contained a shell spoon and a "pile of red ocher" (Nash:13). Two completely disarticulated and "scattered" burials, and adult and a juvenile, Burial 10, Unit 4, were associated with "red ochre". A grave in late mound fill contained an extended male with the skulls of another man, a woman, and two children. The skull of the woman had the occipital cut away, the skull was painted red and a ball of hematite was placed in the left eye socket (Nash:20). In addition, a grave from the "ash bed", female by attribution, had with it a chunkey stone, a broken projectile point, and more red ochre. Hematite appears to have played an important part in Walls district death-imagery during the Early Mississippian period.
Arkansas Archeological Survey’s DELOS Prehistoric Lithic Categories Abraders: abrader w/concavity, edge abrader, flat abrader, irregular abrader, preform abrader; Other Ground Tools: Grinding and pounding tool, hammerstone, mano, pestle, metate, milling slab, mortar, pitted stone, rubbing stone, slab, tablet Bifaces: adze, adzelike biface, axe, celt, celt perform, celt/hoe/adze/axe, chisel, chopper, gouge, hoe, maul, pick arrowpoint, arrowpoint perform, biface, biface/knife/prefprm, blank, dart point perform, dart point, hafted biface, hafted knife, knife, projectile point, reworked arrow, reworked dart, reworked spear, spear point, perform, biface not hafted Cores: biconical core, bipolar core, conical core, core, cylinder core, opposing platform core, pebble core, shaped core, tabular core, tested cobble, tested pebble, unprepared core Debitage: Bifacial thinning flake, bipolar flake, blade/bladelet, chunk, debitage, decortication flake, flake/debitage, flake, interior flake, lunate flake, soft hammer lip flakes, shatter, spall, unifacial thinning/resharpening flake Flake and cobble tools: Burin, piece esquille, denticulate, graver, hafted uniface, uniface not hafted, uniface; Scrapers: circular scraper, denticulate scraper, drawshave, end scraper scraper, spokeshave, side scraper, side/end scraper, thumbnail scraper; Perforators: Drill/awl, drill, drill/perforator, microdrill/awl, micrograver, Jaketown microperforator, perforator/graver, perforator; Other (minimally modified): split cobble tool, netsinker, pebble tool, polished stone, crystal tool Groundstone (formal/sociotechnic): Atalatl weight: Barshaped weight, butterfly-shaped weight, prismoidal atlatl weight, quadriconcave gorget, semilunar weight, tabular atlatl weight; Pipes: chandler pipe, cloudblower pipe, effigy pipe, elbow pipe, long stemmed pipe, modified platform pipe, disc pipe, pipe, platform pipe; Gorgets: expanded center gorget, gorget, reel-shaped gorgetsandal sole gorget; Other: bead, birdstone, boatstone, bowl, cone, earspool, discoidal, pendant, plummet Unmodified Stone: cobble, fossil, unmodified crystal, pebble, fire cracked rock RAW MATERIALS CODED IN DELOS Agate, alibates, amphibolite, anthracite, andesite, arenite, argillite, arkose, asphalt, bauxite, Bayou Manard chert, biosparite, bituminous coal, blackgum chert, basalt, boone chert, breccia, calcite, cannel coal, carnelian, big fork chert, chalcedony, chalk, clkaystone, concretion, conglomerate, copper, coquina, cotter dolomite, crowley’s ridge chert, chert, diabase, diorite, dolomite, evaporate, everton chert breccia, felsite, flint, fossil, frisco chert, feldspar, gabbro, glauconite, galena, gneiss, granite/granitic, greywacke, hematite, igneous rock, ironstone, jackfork chert, jasper/jasperoid, Jefferson city chert, johns valley shale, kaolin, kay county chert, Keokuk chert, kimberlite, lamphrophyre, latite, lignite, limonite, limestone, mafic rock, magnetite, manganese, marble, metamorphic rock, mica, mill creek chert,monzonite, mudstone, novacutite, nova chert, obsidian, ochre, oolitic chert, opal, orthoquartzite, orthoclase, paintstone, pegmatite, penters chert, periotite, petrified wood, phyllite, pinetop chert, pitkin chert, porcellanite, porphyry, pumice, pyrozenite, quartz, quartz crystal, quartzite, reed springs chert, rhyolite, rudite, Sallisaw chert, schist, scoria, serpentine, shale, siltstone, slate, soapstone, sandstone, steatite, st. joe chert, syenite, Tahlequah chert, trachyte porphyry, tuff, turquoise, ultramafic rock, upland chert, vein quartz, Warsaw chert, Webbers falls siltstone.
Bibliography for Arkansas Lithic Studies Pre-Clovis? Clovis, etc. Davis, Hester A. 1967 Paleo-Indian in Arkansas. Arkansas Archeologist 8(1);1-3. Fair photos of 3LW1, sand ridge along Strawberry River, Lawrence County fluted point with burination and heavy use of broken tip (Fig. 1, Jerry Johnson coll.). Black classic Clovis, very good photo (Fig. 2, Benny Rausch coll.), eroding from bank of creek in Logan County. Scottsbluff from 3 SV37 (Fig. 3, Marion Wheeler coll.), not so good photo, Sevier County construction area, two fragments also recovered. Newton, John P. 1977 Paleo-Indian in the Arkansas Ozarks:A Preliminary Statement. Arkansas Archeologist 16,17, 18:85-92. 13 Clovis, Cumberland-like and Pelican-like points are added to the 6 already reported. The drawings are good and there is a table of attributes, pretty good as it stands, no metric data, all private collections. Dalton cultures Morse, Dan F. 1971 The Hawkins Cache: A Significant Dalton Find in Northeast Arkansas. Arkansas Archeologist 12(1):9-20. On an abandoned terrace of Cache River (3LW89), in 1970, the Hawkins brothers excavated material from a small area: 40 items: Dalton points and performs, adzes, utilized flakes, grooved sandstone abraders, chisel, end scraper, backed blade. Extensively described and illustrated with high quality photographs. Redfield, Alden and John H. Moselage 1970 The Lace Place, a Dalton Project Site in the Western Lowland in Eastern Arkansas. Arkansas Archeologist 11(2):21-44. 3PO17/11-M-1 yielded abundant late Paleo material on a terrace of the L’Anquille River, these discussed are surface finds, the photos and line drawings are good, tools other than points are shown. Later Early Archaic Redfield, Alden 1966 The Hardin Point: An Interim Analysis. Arkansas Archeologist 7(3):53-57. He considers This Midwest (Missouri-Illinois) type “quite definite” Late Archaic, comparable to Lang (Texas), Kays (Tennessee), Genesee (New York), but notes ass’n w/ Dalton and Big Sandy at 11 sites, the drawings not too good: large, well-made, slightly expanding stem. Slraight or slightly convex blade sometimes beveled or slightly serate retouched, small well-formed barbs., many stem sides/bases ground. Types after Bell 1960, uses preliminary site numbers from Phillips/Ford, totals 36 for LMV. MIDDLE AND LATE ARCHAIC Middle Archaic Thomas, Roland A and Hester A. Davis 1966, Excavations in Prall Shelter (3BE187) in Beaver Reservoir, Northwest Arkansas. Arkansas Archeologist 7(4):61-79. War Eagle Creek in Benton County has this overhang in limestone bluff. It was tested in 1963, also 1932 diggings. There are many point types represented in the collection from fluted to arrows, but mostly Archaic. A few other classes such as chipped axes and hoes, gravers, drills, scrapers. Photos generally good, minimal description. Dickson, Don 1970 Excavations at Calf Creek Site. Arkansas Archeologist 11(3 and 4):50-82. A large, stratified rock shelter in Searcy County, Calf Creek Cave (3SE7) was excavated; produced many point types, this is where Calf Creek type was named. Good photos. Also, Searcy, Smith, Rice, Johnson, White River… Webb, Clarence H. 1971 Another Zoomorphic Locust Stone Bead from Lafayette County, Arkansas. Arkansas Archeologist 12 (2):39-40. Placed in the Late Archaic/Poverty Point cultures. Lemley collection at the Gilcrease Museum. Decent photo. Said to have been dug from a mound near MarsHill on Bayou Bodcaw in 1885. Well-described and discussion of the “locust”. Morse, Dan F. 1974 A Zoomorphic Locust Stone Bead from Northeast Arkansas. Arkansas Archeologist 15:37-39. On surface of 3MS7 a Nodena site…the fourth reported in Arkansas…jasper, 22 mm long, 11 mm wide, 14 mm high. Good photo, blown way up. Late Archaic and Poverty Point McMimsey, Charles R and Hester A. Davis 1965 A Survey of DeGray Reservoir Area. Arkansas Archeologist 6(1):14-19. Fig 2, a shows a fair drawing of a grooved chert cobble boatstone, from 3CL10, Wright, a large, long field scatter/camp with late Archaic points and used quartz crystals. Schambach. Frank F. 1974 A Unique Engraved Steatite Bowl from Southwest Arkansas. Arkansas Archeologist 15:42-44. Very good drawings and photos, nice as is but maybe needs updating. Found by Rodney Dyson in a small campsite in Columbia County, King’s Creek (3CO26). It is actinolite-talc, similar to other Arkansas finds. WOODLAND and FOURCE MALINE Woodland cultures (Northern and Eastern Arkansas) Dickson, Don 1970 Excavations at Calf Creek Site. Arkansas Archeologist 11(3 and 4):50-82. A large, stratified rock shelter in Searcy County, Calf Creek Cave (3SE7) was excavated; Woodland? Material includes Fig 9, p.60, black slate bead (17 mm diameter, 7 mm hole) and black slate gorget (bar-shaped, two hole, with 2 sets of holes to repair a break. Good photos, but he “restored” the gorget, looks like with plaster. Gregoire, Thelma Lee 1971 Falling Water Falls Site. Arkansas Archeologist 12(2):21-38. A looted rock shelter 3PP40, Pope County, produced a lot of organics in 1967 amateur salvage test, stuff interpreted as Woodland: very good drawings of Fig 3 double bitted stone ax (grey chert, chipped and ground20 x 9.3 x 3.1 cm), Fig 8 half of gorget (fine grained fossiliferous stone similar to Arkansas marble; 8.5 x 5.6 x .8 cm) and earspool (sandstone with deep groove in outer perimeter (2.5 cm hole, 1.3 cm thick). Fourche Maline culture (Southwestern Arkansas) Taylor, Robert 1972 The Cryer Manifestation: Definition and Tentative Placement in the Caddoan Sequence. Arkansas Archeologist 13 (3 and 4):41-63. Kelley Sayers site (3CO3), burial 9, Figure 13, 15 Gary points and performs, near the head of a supine burial with no other grave goods (p.60). This is a good demonstration of the reduction sequence from ovate biface to finished and re-sharpened points. Wood, W. Raymond 1981 The Poole Site, 3GA3. Arkansas Archeologist 22:7-64. Poole was a large multi-component site in the upper Ouachita basin, excavated by the WPA in 1940. Wood analyzed the materials in 1963; Early provides an updated discussion p. 51-60. Most graves are considered Caddo culture, Buckville phase, also large structure and some Fourche Maline graves. Lithics are well-illustrated with photos or good line drawings. Burials 1 and 2, apparently associated with the structure, have platform pipes, Williams Plain vessels, Marksville sherd, Gary points and double-bitted chipped axe, Fig 8, p. 18, Fig. 22, p. 49. Figure 17, p. 31 has further “spuds” and axes as well as pitted cobbles and 2 drilled pebble pendants, described p. 51 One of the spuds from a posthole in the house. Of the 251 dart points recovered, as well as many Gary, the Langtry, Ellis, Carrolton, Martindale, Bulverde, Montell and Macon are considered associated with the Fourche Maline component, Holman and Agee arrows also (Figs. 19, 20, 21). Also 3 boatstones (Fig. 22, p. 49), described and measured p. 50 of siltstone and slate. Dickinson, S.D. and Harry J. Lemley 1967 (1939) Evidences of the Marksville and Coles Creek Complexes at the Kirkham Place, Clarke County, Arkansas. Arkansas Archeologist 8(4):57-76. (Reprint of Texas Archeological and Paleontological Society Bulletin 11). “problematical and ornamental stone artifacts” shown in Fig 2, p. 62, are moderate quality: limesstone bowl, greenstone celts, triangular slate gorget, syenite and breccia boatstones. There is a little description and measurement and they are compared to examples from Marksville middens MISSISSIPPI and CADDO Northern and Eastern Arkansas (Mississippian cultures) Thomas, Roland A and Hester A. Davis 1966, Excavations in Prall Shelter (3BE187) in Beaver Reservoir, Northwest Arkansas. Arkansas Archeologist 7(4):61-79. War Eagle Creek in Benton County has this overhang in limestone bluff. It was tested in 1963, also 1932 diggings. There are many point types represented in the collection including Morris (n=5), Scallorn (n=32), Young (n=23), Fresno (n=9), Washita (n=1) arrows. Photos okey, minimal description. Rolingson, Martha A. 1971. The Ashley Point. Arkansas Archeologist 12(3):50-52. Definition and good line drawings, based on Bayou Bartholomew and Big Bayou in Ashley and Chicot Counties; also found in Ouachita, Saline and Bayou Macon basins and into Drew and Desha counties. About 1 inch long, barbed shoulders, concave blade edges, bulbous stem. Early Plaquemine culture Bartholomew phase, ca. AD 1100-1400. Compare to Agee, Holman, Alba, Hayes, Scallorn; their cultural affiliations. Davis, Hester A. 1966 An Introduction to Parkin Prehistory. Arkansas Archeologist 7(1-2):1-40. Fair to okey photos and descriptions of Nodena points (n=5), “choppers”, thumbnail end scrapers (n=7), and a few flake and ground stone tools. Klinger, Timothy C. 1977 Parkin Archeology A Report on the 1966 Field School Test Excavations at the Parkin Site. Arkansas Archeologist 16,17,18:45-80. Very little stone recovered from 3 CS29, includes Nodena points, end scraper, cores, abraders, hoe chips, chisels and performs, basalt chips and celts, all discussed, tabulated and fair photos p. 74-75. Klinger, Timothy C. 1974 Report on the 1974 Test Excavations at the Knappenberger Site, Mississippi County, Arkansas. Arkansas Archeologist 15:45-75. Pretty minimal, but tabulations and descriptions of various nondiagnostic classes, chisels and photos of a few Madison, etc. (Shugtown?) arrows, p. 63, 71; Table 9, p. 70 and Fig. 15, p. 69. Morse, Dan F. and Samuel D. Smith 1973 The Hazel Site: Archeological Salvage During the Construction of Route 308. Arkansas Archeologist 14 (2-4):38-77. Fig 24, p. 66 burned ceremonial sword along north wall of F. 14 wall trench house, of Mill Creek chert but considered Duck River style; it is 266 x 41 x 14 mm, ground for 94 mm at base. Also stuff from graves: B 14: willow leaf knife, ovoid biface, flat piece of grooved sandstone, ball of ochre, and bone awl with measurements, fair photo in Fig 11 p. 49. Figley, Charles A. 1968 The Soc Site, 3WH34. Arkansas Archeologist 9(3-4):41-58. Site along Little Red River in White County was tested 1966-1967. Fig 11, p.56, shows a “Mississippian-type” celt of limestone 9.2 cm long, fair photo. This is largely a Woodland site, with some Early Mississippian, i.e plain shell tempered pottery and Scallorn points, also 2 “willow leaf” The Fig 10 arrow and other lithic photos not very good. Smith, Samuel D. 1973 A Stone Discoidal from Craighead County. Arkansas Archeologist 14(1):19-20. This is a perforated discoidal, bi-concave, pink quartzite, measurements, Perino’s Cahokia style, perhaps fits in Cherry Valley phase; it is from 300’ north of 3CG427. Decent photo. Figley, Charles R., Jr. 1966 Westward Ho! In 3WH4. Arkansas Archeologist 7(3):41-52. Lower Little Red River Valley site with three small mounds, tested 1964-1965. A limestone cat effigy pipe came from a pit with an inverted skull, good photos and drawing (Figs 4, 5, p. 46). It is 11 cm long, 7.5 cm high, 6 cm wide, no head. Other stuff found here includes a pebble partly drilled as pendant, holes didn’t meet (Fig 6, p. 47). Morse, Dan F. 1971 Two Recent Microblade Core Discoveries in Mississippi County, Arkansas. Arkansas Archeologist 12(1):1-8. At 3MS20 and 3MS22, Cahokia microblades and cores for shell bead manufacture. 3MS22 find was 54 exhausted cores and 12 small flakes at the left shoulder of a small adult’s grave, probably material from Dupo, Illinois bluffs. Descriptions of the assemblage from Cahokia area. Fig 1, columnar, pyramidal and amorphous cores from 3MS22, extensively described. At 3MS20 US Army Corps of Engineers-sponsored testing resulted in the recovery of material: 7 drills (Dupo, Mill Creek and unidentified white cherts), 8 microblade cores, 4 other blade tools, 9 other flake tools, 45 unmodified flakes (core debitage), 1 shell disc bead and 7 shell debitage. Well described with measurements and pretty good photographs. Morse, Dan F. 1972 A Pot Full of Beads. Arkansas Archeologist 13 (3 and 4):67-76. At 3PO213, in 1971, Elbert Hawkins found a Neeley’s Ferry Plain bottle with around 100 shell beads in it. Site is a sand knoll north of Hazel, 3PO6. Discussion of manufacture, using Zuni as an analogy, and then an experiment in replication. Material collected includes Crowley’s Ridge chert, an exhausted core of Ozark Highland chert, fragments of Mill Creek chert spades, utilized flake of Dupo chert, retouched graver, hammerstones, Scallorn point, unfinished basalt celt, ironstone and sandstone abraders. Also discussion of beadmaking tools at Hazel (drills, abraders): Tools of beadmaking: large sandstone slab abraders, hand abraders, side scrapers on flakes, hammerstones, dtills.(Figures 5, 6, 7). Baker, Charles M. 1974 Preliminary Investigations at the Mill Creek Site, 3ST12, Stone County, Arkansas. Arkansas Archeologist 15:1-17. Good drawings of Nodena points (Fig. 10, p. 13) and three other Rockwall and Bonham-like arrows, endscrapers, gravers. Limited discussion; there were 22 whole Nodenas. P. 14-15 for other lithics, good nutting stone picture. Hoffman, Michael P. 1977 The Kinkead-Mainard Site, 3PU2: A Late Prehistoric Quapaw Phase Site near Little Rock, Arkansas. Arkansas Archeologist 16, 17, 18:1-41. In 1932, 57 graves were excavated by the University of Arkansas Museum. B. 14 had 3 lost Nodena points and pigment with an Old Town Red bottle. B. 21 had 15 Nodena points and a Carson Red on Buff bowl (Fig. 8, p. 14, not too good photos). B. 32 had 2 Nodena points, 13 shell beads and a Taylor Engraved bottle, Matthews Incised jar and Natchitoches Engraved bowl. B. 36 had a stone disc and chert flake knife (Fig 9, p. 15) with a Mississippi Plain bottle. B. 37 had a greenstone spatulate celt and 10 Nodena points with an Old Town Red bowl and Wallace Incised bowl. B. 38 had Nodena point and Mississippi Plain and Natchitoches Engraved vessels (Fig. 10, p. 16). B. 49 had a shale palette and Carson red on Buff bowl. Discussion (p.29-30) is pretty minimal, but includes measurements, Table 15 give metric data for 15 Nodena arrows from B21 (local chert, novaculite, Pitkin) and one from B 38. Jolly, Fletcher 1973 A Catlinite Disc Pipe and Associated Vessels from Lowland Eastern Arkansas. Arkansas Archeologist 14(1):1-12 A late Mississippian grave excavated by Charles Scheel at 3SF5, an area of house mounds in St. Francis County produced 4 Mississippi Plain vessels including tri-neck bottle and possum effigy jar. The pipe was at the right hand. Good description and measurements, photos. Extensive discussion of other examples: two from Upper Nodena (3MS4), fragment from surface of Wildy (3MS10), unfinished example from Bradley Place (3CT7) and another cluster in Arkansas Valley: Carden Bottoms (3YE14) and Field’s Chapel, another Yell County site, Hughes Mound (3SA11) maybe Caddo, and in Caddo area Steele Place, Sevier County in Lemley Collection at Gilcrease. This one is pretty good as it stands. Western Arkansas (Caddoan cultures) Taylor, Robert 1972 The Cryer Manifestation: Definition and Tentative Placement in the Caddoan Sequence. Arkansas Archeologist 13 (3 and 4):41-63. Kelley Sayers site (3CO3), an outlying hamlet, burial 2 , Figure 13 Agee arrow points, and forms closer to Alba and Catahoula, clustered in thorax area; forms found at Crenshaw earliest Caddo with Crockett Curvilinear Incised, Pennington Punctated Incised, Coles Creek Incised vars. Blakely and Greenhouse, Hickory Engraved and Spiro-Holley Engraved ceramics (p. 57). White, Patsey 1970 Investigation of the Cemetery at the Gee’s Landing Site, 3DR17. Arkansas Archeologist 11(1):1-20. This is a multi-component site along Saline River in Drew County. The Whites excavated a cemetery. Most of the lithic drawings are really bad, but there is a good photo of Burial 28 arrows (n=4) found under left forearm, of Hayes-Bonham-Catahoula-Alba cluster, Fig.16, p. 15. Also photos of some ground stone: mullers, grooved abrader with bone splint showing use, pitted stone, polishing rocks. Wood, W. Raymond 1981 The Poole Site, 3GA3. Arkansas Archeologist 22:7-64. Poole was a large multi-component site in the upper Ouachita basin, excavated by the WPA in 1940. Wood analyzed the materials in 1963; Early provides an updated discussion p. 51-60 Most graves are considered Caddo culture, Buckville phase. Lithics are well-illustrated with photos or line drawings. They include knife/bifaces, pelatoid and rectangular celts, various arrows, steatite beads (Figure 3, p. 13) from B 4, 7, 9, 10, 11, 13, 14, 17, 19, 24, 25, 28, 34. B. 7 pelatoid celt associated with Foster Trailed-Incised and Dunkin Incised vessels. B. 9 side-notched arrows associated with Poole Plain and Foster Trailed-Incised vessels. Fig. 19, p. 44, shows drawings of Bassett arrows assigned to Caddo component. Early agrees with the celts and small arrows being Caddo. Early, Ann 1978 Turquoise Beads from the Standridge Site, 3MN53. Arkansas Archeologist 19:25-30. There were 8 in a grave, photo and measurements, discussion of other finds in Caddo contexts of Oklahoma and Texas. I think this has been updated…
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Contact: Mary Evelyn StarrBox 39, Sledge MS 38670Phone (662) 444-5254
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